Chronic gout can eventually lead to permanent deposits of urate crystals—called tophi, which form along the bones just beneath the skin.

慢性痛风最终导致结晶的永久性沉，痛风石，附于骨头，止于皮下。

At a physiologic pH of about 7.4, uric acid loses a proton and becomes a urate ion, which then binds sodium and forms monosodium urate crystals.

生理环境下，体液的pH值约为7.4，此时失去一个质子，变为离子；离子与钠离子结合，单钠盐结晶。

At a physiologic pH, uric acid loses a proton and becomes a urate ion, which then binds sodium, forming monosodium urate which crystallizes and ultimately forms uric acid stones.

生理PH值下，失去一个质子变盐离子，随之与钠结合，单钠盐，结晶后最终结石。

Individuals with chronic gout are also at an increased risk for developing kidney stones made of uric acid, as well as urate nephropathy, which is when urate crystals deposit in the interstitium of the kidney.

慢性痛风的病人罹患性肾结石以及性肾病的风险也升高；性肾病中，结晶沉于肾脏间质。