Finally, endocrine disorders can also cause primary amenorrhea.

后，内分泌疾病也会导致原发性闭。

Ok, now, coming back to amenorrhea.

好，现在说回到闭。

Which would explain why amenorrhea is most common among ballet dancers, gymnasts, and long distance runners.

这也解释为什麽闭对芭蕾舞者 体操选手及长跑运动员来说很常见。

When this happens, TRH also stimulates prolactin release - so hyperprolactinemia and amenorrhea occur.

与此同时，TRH也刺激泌乳素的分泌，所以也会出现高泌乳素血症和闭。

A rarer cause of primary amenorrhea is androgen insensitivity syndrome.

导致原发性闭的一个罕见原因是雄激素不敏感综征。

In females, primary sex characteristic dysfunction includes amenorrhea or absence of menstruation, or oligomenorrhea or irregular menstrual cycle.

在女性中，第一性征的功障碍包括闭，即无月，或月减少，即月周期不规则。

Issues with the pituitary gland can also cause secondary amenorrhea.

垂体的问题也会导致继发性闭。

Interestingly, hypothyroidism - a condition where there's low levels of thyroid hormones - can also cause amenorrhea.

有趣的是，甲状腺功减退症，一种由于甲状腺激素成及分泌减少导致的疾病，也会导致闭。

The most common cause of secondary amenorrhea is pregnancy.

的继发性闭原因是怀孕。

The one symptom of both primary and secondary amenorrhea is, well, the absence of menstruation.

原发性和继发性闭共有的一个症状是没有月。

With functional hypothalamic amenorrhea due to anorexia, there's significant weight loss and decreased bone density which can cause fractures.

由于厌食导致的功性下丘脑性闭患者往往减重过度且骨密度下降，易致骨折。

The most common cause of primary amenorrhea is Turner syndrome, where one X chromosome is either completely or partially absent.

的原发性闭原因是Turner综征：有一个X染色体完全或者部分缺失。

Next, there's functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, which is when there is a decrease in GnRH secretion, leading to low levels of LH, FSH, and estrogen.

其次是功性下丘脑性闭，即由于GnRH分泌下降导致LH、FSH和雌激素水平下降。

Another condition that affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and can be responsible for secondary amenorrhea is polycystic ovary syndrome.

另一种影响下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴并导致继发性闭的疾病是多囊卵巢综症。

Primary amenorrhea is when a female hasn't had her first menstruation, called menarche, by age 16, despite normal growth and having started puberty.

原发性闭指女性在16周岁前没有初次月（即初潮），尽管长发育、进入青春期均无异常。

In practice, nomadic hunter-gatherers space their children about four years apart by means of lactational amenorrhea, sexual abstinence, infanticide, and abortion.

实际上，游牧狩猎采集者通过哺乳闭、禁欲、杀婴和堕胎等手段将孩子间隔大约四年。

All right, as a quick recap… amenorrhea is the abnormal absence of menstruation in females of reproductive age.

好！快速回顾一下：闭指育龄期女性无月或月异常停止。

An early symptom is agalactorrhea, whereas late symptoms include amenorrhea, low blood pressure, low blood sodium, low blood glucose levels, as well as fatigue and muscle loss.

早期症状包括产后无乳，而晚期症状包括闭、低血压、低血钠、低血糖、疲劳和肌肉萎缩。

There are many causes of secondary amenorrhea, and when they occur before menarche, all of these can also cause primary amenorrhea.

有许多原因会导致继发性闭，而当它们在初潮前发时，都会导致原发性闭。

The first step when evaluating primary or secondary amenorrhea is to rule out pregnancy with a pregnancy test.

评估原发性或继发性闭的第一步是用孕检排除怀孕。