The cocci either lays dormant in their lungs or the infection kills them.

球孢子菌要么潜伏在它们的肺部，要么使它们被感染致死。

And so maybe that's cocci's strategy.

也许这就是球孢子菌的策略。

This doesn't happen with urease negative Gram-positive cocci, like Streptococcus pneumoniae or Enterococcus faecalis.

这一现象在脲酶阴的革兰氏阳细菌中就不会发，如肺炎链球菌或粪肠球菌。

The infection caused by cocci goes by many names.

由球孢子菌引起的感染有很多名字。

Fun fact, this is what cocci is doing to people with severe valley fever. While they're alive.

有趣的是，这就是球菌对严重谷热患者所做的事——在他们还活着的时候。

We can use this to differentiate Staph saprophyticus from other gram positive cocci, like streptococci and enterococci, which are catalase negative.

我们可以利用这一特萄球菌和其他革兰氏阳球菌，如链球菌和肠球菌这一类过氧化氢酶阴的细菌。

Let's start with some bizarre features of cocci itself.

让我们从球孢子菌本身的一些奇怪的特征开始。

A kangaroo rat or some other desert rodent inhales cocci while digging its burrow.

袋鼠鼠或其他一些沙漠啮齿动物在挖洞时吸入了球孢子菌。

When they die, cocci spread right back into the soil and the system starts again.

当它们死亡时，球孢子菌会传播回土壤中，这个感染系统就又开始了。

And finding cocci in the soil at all has proven difficult.

事实证明，在土壤中找到球孢子菌是很困难的。

But we still don't know if this is actually even happening… because of how little we understand about cocci itself.

但我们仍然不知道这是否真的发了，因为我们对球菌本身知之甚少。

Ultimately, cocci's spread could be thanks to all of these factors combined but there are still tons of unresolved questions.

最终，球菌的传播可能要归功于所有这些因素的结合，但仍有大量未解决的问题。

If this is the case, then the more desert rodents living and dying, the more likely cocci can move through the soil.

如果是这样的话，那么越多的沙漠啮齿动物存和死亡，就越有可能通过土壤传播球孢子菌。

One study estimates that cocci's range could more than double by 2095… due to increasing arid conditions across the US.

一项研究估计，由于美国各地日益干旱的环境，到 2095 年，球菌的范围可能会增加一倍以上。

And while most fungi eat dead or decaying material, cocci doesn't always wait for an animal to die before it starts digesting them from the inside out.

虽然大多数真菌都吃死亡或烂的物质，但球孢子菌并不总是等到动物死亡后才开始从内到外消化它们。

What we do know is that the US is getting warmer and that on its own could expand cocci's range potentially making more people sick.

我们所知道的是，美国正在变暖，这可能会扩大球孢子菌的长范围，可能会让更多的人病。

When the rodent dies, cocci is released back into the soil and morphs back into its environmental form where it waits to be kicked up and inhaled by some other host.

当啮齿动物死亡时，球孢子菌被释放回土壤中，并变形成其环境形式，等待被其他宿主踢起并吸入。

When the soil is disturbed like when dust storms sweep through the west or when construction workers begin digging a foundation… cocci releases spores into the air where unsuspecting mammals breathe them in.

当土壤受到扰动时，比如沙尘暴席卷西部，或者建筑工人开始挖掘地基时，球菌会将孢子释放到空气中，毫无戒备的哺乳动物会将它们吸入。

Additionally, the cell wall helps maintain their shape: the round-shaped bacteria are called cocci, the rod-shaped ones are called bacilli, spiral-shaped ones are spirilla, and sometimes the same bacteria can have multiple forms in which case they're called pleomorphic.

此外，细胞壁有助于保持其形状：圆形的细菌称为球菌，棒状的细菌叫做杆菌，螺旋形的是螺旋菌，有些细菌具有不同的形态，因此它们被称为多形菌。

In individuals with a normal immune system, fungi are a rare cause of pneumonia and often it's regional - for example, there's Coccidioidomycosis in California and the Southwest which you can remember because there's a " C" in both cocci and california.

在正常免疫系统的个体中，真菌很少引起肺炎，且一般是地的，例如在美国加利福尼亚和西南部有肺孢子菌病，可以通过在cocci球菌和california加州中都有一个“C”记忆。