In today's program, we will explore fricatives.

在今天的节目里，我们要探索摩擦。

Fricative are often a source of confusion for English learners.

摩擦让很多英语学习者感到困惑。

These are all fricatives, the sounds are coming out slowly and you hear this friction sound.

这些都是摩擦，声慢慢地出会听到摩擦声。

To be clear, fricatives mean there is a partial obstruction in the air stream.

清楚地说，摩擦指的是气流有部分被阻滞。

Affricates are made up of a stop sound followed by a fricative sound.

破擦个爆破和后面的擦组成。

And finally, the vociceless fricative or be quiet sound, shhhhhh, present in words such as shower and push.

最后是清擦或“安静”，出现在诸如 shower 和 push 等词中。

Another way to think of this is stop sound plus fricative sound equals affricate.

另个思考的方法是爆破加上擦等于破擦。

Sss, zzz are fricatives. Thh, vvv are Fricatives too.

Sss, zzz 是擦。 Thh, vvv 也是擦。

So fff, and vvv are fricatives.

所以 fff 和 vvv 是擦。

The English alveolar approximant, the Spanish trill, the French uvular fricative?

英国的齿槽、西班牙的颤、法国的小舌擦？

In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an " f" (e.g. laugh, cough).

在某些情况下，清擦开始像“f”样（例如笑、咳嗽）。