In addition,The general macrograph characters of spalling of bonding layer and shallow working lining,and their causes were described.

总结轧辊磨损预报模型的研究现状,并详细典型的磨损预报模型,最后展望冷轧辊研究工作的方向。

The failure of a gear shaft was analyzed by SEM analysis, macrograph, metallographical examination, mechanical test, chemical analysis and etc.

摘要用扫描电镜、低倍检验、金相检验、力学试验和化学分等方法，分字齿轮轴发生劈裂的原因。